Networks and Interorganizational Cooperation in Nature Tourism: A Case Study

Sérgio Teixeira, Eduardo LEITE

Abstract


This research aims in general conceptualize some of the factors that have implications and the level of business networks and interorganizational cooperation. As nature tourism characterized by being an activity that has highlighted its potential growth, which combined with the importance of networking and cooperation and partnership plays an important role as local and regional development strategy.

The purpose of this research is essentially to develop a theoretical framework in order to match with different concepts and elements to explain and understand the phenomenon of partnerships in nature tourism.


Keywords


Networks, Nature Tourism, Interorganizational Cooperation, Partnerships

References


Araújo, L.M. e Bramwell, B. (2002) Partnerships and Regional Tourism in Brazil, Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 4, 1138-1164.

Azevedo, A. (2000) “Novos modelos de negócio, e-book” - versão eletrónica – baseada na edição de 2000 ISBN 972-8589-17-4).

Baggio, R. e Cooper, C. (2008) “Knowledge Management and Transfer in Tourism: An Italian Case”. Proceedings of the IASK (ATR) Advances in Tourism Research, Aveiro, Portugal. pp. 1-10.

Baggio, R., Scott, N., and Cooper, C. (2010) Science Network. A review focused on tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 37 (3), 802,827.

Baptista, M. (1997) Turismo – Competitividade Sustentável. Verbo, Lisboa.

Becerra, A., T., Céspedes, D., V. e Gómez, E., G. (2009) Demanda Turística Internacional por Turismo Naturaleza en Costa Rica: Indicadores Socio-Demográficos y de Condición de Viaje. Revista Ciências Económicas, 27-No. 2, pp. 75-103. Documento online, disponível em: http://www.latindex.ucr.ac.cr/econ-2009-2/econ-2009-02-06.pdf [consultado em: 3/3/2016].

Benson, J. (1982) “A framework for policy analysis”, in MIYAKAWA, T. (eds.), The Science of Public Policy, Routledge.

Borgatti, S. e Foster, P. (2003) “The Network Paradigm in Organizational Research: A Review and Typology”. Journal of Management. Vol. 29. No. 6. pp. 991-1013.

Bramwell B. e B. Lane (2000) Collaboration and Partnerships in Tourism Planning, in B. Bramwell and B. Lane (eds.), Tourism Collaboration and Partnerships: Politics, Practice and Sustainability, Clevedon, Channel View, 1-19.

Bramwell, B. e Lane, B. (2000) Tourism Collaboration and partnerships: politics, practice and sustainability, Clevedon, Channel View Publications.

Brass, D. J.; Galaskiewicz, J.; Greve, H. R.; Tsai, W. (2004) Taking stock of networks and organizations: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Managment Jourrnal, v.47, n.6, p.795-817, 2004.

Breda, Z., Costa, R., Costa, C. (2006) “Do clusters and networks make small places beautiful? The case of Caramulo (Portugal)”, In LAZERETTI, L., PETRILLO, C. (Eds.) Tourism Local Systems and Networking, Advances in Tourism Research series, Oxford, Elsevier.

Bryden, D. M., Westbrook, S. R., Burns, B., Taylor, W. A. e Anderson, S. (2010). Assessing the economic impacts of nature based tourism in Scotland Scottish Natural Heritage (Commissioned Report n.º 398). Scottish Natural Heritage.

Camarinha-Matos, L. e Afsarmanesh, H. (2006) “A Modeling Framework for Collaborative Networked Organizations”, in Camarinha-Matos, L., Network-Centric Collaborations and Supporting Frameworks, Boston: Springer, Vol. 224, pp.3-14.

Carneiro, L, Soares, A.L, Patrício, R., Alves, A., Madureira, R. e Sousa, J.P (2007) “Redes Colaborativas de Elevado Desempenho no Norte de Portugal”, Porto, INESC Porto.

Cater, E. (1994) “Ecotourism in the Third World – Problems and Prospects for Sustainability”. In CATER, E. e LOWMAN, G. (eds.) – Ecotourism: A Sustainable option? Royal Geographical Society, Reino Unido, pp. 69-86.

Costa, C. (1996) “Towards the improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness of tourism planning and development at the regional level: planning, organisations and networks. The case of Portugal”. A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of PhD Degree. Department of Management Studies. University of Surrey. Surrey.

Costa, R. (2005) “Avaliação do potencial de crescimento e desenvolvimento das pequenas e microempresas do sector do turismo”, Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro.

Cunha, L. (2009) Introdução ao Turismo. Editorial Verbo, Lisboa.

Dowling, R., K., Moore, S., A. e Newsome, D. (2013) – Natural Area Tourim: Ecology, Impacts and Management. 2ª Edição. Channel View Publications (WP), Ontario, Canada.

Dredge, D. (2006). “Policy networks and the local organisation of tourism”. Tourism Management. Vol. 27. pp. 269-280.

Ebers, M. (1996) “Explaining Inter-organizational Network Formation”, in EBERS, E., The Formation of Interorganizational Networks, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 3-43.

Ebers, M., Jarrillo, J. C. (1998) “The Construction Forms and Consequences of Industry Networks”, International Studies of Management and Organization, nº 27, pp.3-21, Winter.

Ebers, O. (1998) “Netwoking Network Studies: An Analysis of Conceptual Configurations in The Study of Interorganizational Relationships”, Organization Studies, Vol. 19, nº 4, pp.549-583.

Franco, M. (2006) “O Conhecimento em Rede Como Um Novo Paradigma Dentro das Organizações: Definição, tipologia e modelo de Análise”. Comunicação apresentada e Publicada no Livro de Actas fazer 4 o Congresso Nacional da Administração Pública - Novos Modelos de Administração Pública de 2006, o Instituto Nacional de Administração (INA), Centro de Congressos da Associação Industrial Portuguesa (AIP), Lisboa, Portugal.

Franco, M. (2011) ‘Determining factors in the success of strategic alliances: an empirical study performed in Portuguese firms’, European Journal of International Management, Vol. 5, Nº. 6, pp.608 – 632.

Franco, M. A (1995) “Cooperação Entre Empresas de Como Meio de redimensionamento e Reforço da Competitividade das PMEs: O Caso da Região da Beira Interior”. Dissertação (Mestrado em Gestão) - Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal, 1995.

Franco, M; Barbeira, M. (2008) Como Alianças Como estratégia e inteligência competitiva n / D Partilha de CONHECIMENTO ento organizacional. In: ENCONTRO LUSO-BRASILEIRO DE ESTRATÉGIA -ELBE, 2., ISCTE, Lisboa

Fredman, P., Reinius, S. W. e Lundberg, C. (2009). Nature tourism in Sweden: Definitions, extent, statistics. (2009:24). Härnösand: ETOUR - European Tourism Research Institute.

Godoy, A. S. (1995). Introdução à Pesquisa Qualitativa e Suas Possibilidades. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 35 (2), 57-63.

Graburn, N. (1983). The anthropology of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 10 (1), 9-33.

Hacki, R.; Lighton, J. (2001) The future of the networked company McKinsey. Quarterly, v.3, p.26 – 39, 2001.

Hall, C.M. (2000) Tourism Planning. Policies, Processes and Relationships, Harlow, Prentice Hall.

Hall, C.M. e J. Jenkins (1995) Tourism and Public Policy. London, Sage.

Halme, M. (2001) “Learning for Sustainable Development in Tourism Networks”. Business Strategy and the Environment. Vol. 10. pp. 100-114.

Human, S. E; Provan, K. G. (1997) An emergent theory of structure and outcomes in smallfirm strategic manufacturing network. Academy of Management Journal, v.40, n.2, p.368403.

Jarillo, J. (2011) “Strategic Networks: Creating the Borderless Organization”. Routledge. New York.

Jarillo, J.C. (1993) Strategic Networks: Creating the Borderless Organisation, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann.

Jarrilho, J. C. (1998) On strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, v.9, n.1, p.31-41.

Kenis, P. and Provan, KG (2009) For an exogenous theory of public performance. Public Administration, 87 (3) 440456.

Knoke, D. (1994) Political Networks: the structural perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Laarman, J. G. e Durst, P. B. (1987). Nature travel in the tropics. Journal of Forestry, 85 (5), 43-46.

Lang, C. T. e O’Leary, J. T. (1997). Motivation, participation, and preference: A multisegmentation approach of the Australian nature travel market. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 6 (3-4), 159-180.

Lundberg, C. e Fredman, P., Reinius, S. W. (2010) Nature tourism in Sweden: Definitions, extent, statistics. (2009:24). Härnösand: ETOUR - European Tourism Research Institute.

Lynch, P. e Morrissey, A. (2007) The Role of Networks, in MICHAEL, E. (Eds.), Micro-clusters and Networks: The Growth of Tourism, Elsevier, Oxford.

Macouin, D. e Pierre, I. (2003). Le tourisme de nature. Nantes: AFIT

March, R. e Wilkison, I. (2009) “Conceptual tools for evaluating tourism partnerships”. Tourism Management. Vol. 30. pp. 455-462.

Mckercher, B. (2002). Turismo de natureza: Planejamento e sustentabilidade. São Paulo: Contexto.

Medina-Munõz, D. e J.M. Garcia-Falcón (2000) Successful Relationships between Hotels and Agencies, Annals of Tourism Research, 27, 3, 737-762.

Medina-Muñoz, R.D., D. Medina-Muñoz e J. Garcia-Falcón (2003) Understanding European Tour Operators´ Control on Accommodation Companies: an Empirical Evidence, Tourism Management, 24, 2, 135-147.

Mehmetoglu, M. (2007) Typologising nature-based tourists by activity - Theoretical and practical implications. Tourism Management, 28, 651-660.

Mehmetoglu, M. (2007). Typologising nature-based tourists by activity - Theoretical and practical implications. Tourism Management, 28, 651-660.

Meirinhos, M.; Osório, A. (2010) O estudo de caso como estratégia de investigação em educação. EDUSER: Revista de Educação, v.2, n. 2.

Moreira, P. (2007) Liderança e Cultura de Rede em Portugal, Livros Horizonte.

Nohria, N., Eccles, R. (1992) Networks and organizations: structure, form and action, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.

Oliver, A. L.; Ebers, M. (1998) Networking network studies: an analysis of conceptual configurations in the study of inter-organizational relationships. Organization Studies, v.19, n.4.

Oliver, A. L.; Ebers, M. (1998) Networking network studies: an analysis of conceptual configurations in the study of inter-organizational relationships. Organization Studies, v.19, n.4.

Patterson, C. (2007) The Complete Guide for Nature and Culture-Based Tourism Operators: The Business of Ecotourism. TRAFFORD Publishing, Canada.

Pavlovich, K. (2003) “The evolution and transformation of a tourism destination network: the Waitomo Caves, New Zealand”. Tourism Management. Vol. 24. pp. 203-216.

Pechlaner, H & Volgger, M. (2012) How to promote cooperation in the hospitality industry: Generating practitioner-relevant knowledge using the GABEK qualitative research strategy. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(6), 925-945.

Petrillo, Lillian A. De, Keith A. Kaufman, Carol R. Glass, and Diane B. Arnkoff (2006) Mindfulness for Long-Distance Runners: An Open Trial Using Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) The Catholic University of America, Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 2009, 4, 357-376.

Pieters, M., Knoben, J. & Pouwels, M. (2012) The prospect of social network on sport management: The effect of network integration in the commercial performance of sport organizations. Journal of Sport Management, 26 (5), 433 444.

Pires, I. (1994) Turismo e Ambiente: Reflexões sobre a situação atual e perspetivas futuras. Direção Geral do Ambiente – Gabinete dos Assuntos Comunitários e Cooperação, Lisboa.

Poulis, K.; Poulis, E.; Plakoyiannaki, E. (2013) The role of context in case study selection: An international business Perspective. International Business Review, v. 22, pp.

Powell, W. (1990) “Neither Market Nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization”. Research in Organizational Behavior. Vol. 12. pp. 295-336.

Powell, W. W. (1998) Learning from Collaboration: Knowledge and networks in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. California Management Review.

Presenza, A. e Cipollina, M. (2010) “Analysing tourism stakeholders networks”. Tourism Review. Vol. 65. No. 4. pp. 17-30.

Quatman, C., & Chelladurai, P. (2008) social network theory and analysis: A complementary lens to the survey. Journal of Sport Management, 22 (3), 338360.

Raab, J., Kenis, P. (2009) “Heading toward a society of networks: Empirical developments and theoretical challenges.” Journal of Management Inquiry, vol. 18, n. 3, p. 198-210.

Ring, P. S.; Van de Ven, A. H. (1994) Developmental processes of cooperative interorganizational relationships. The Academy of Management Review, v.19, n.1, p.90118.

Romeiro, P. (2006) “O Papel das Redes de Gestão na Inovação e Competitividade do Turismo Rural “. Dissertação para a Obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Inovação e Políticas de Desenvolvimento. Universidade de Aveiro. Aveiro.

Santos, C. e CABRAL, M. (2005) Manual para o investidor em Turismo de Natureza. VICENTINA – Associação para o Desenvolvimento do Sudoeste, Bensafrim.

Saxena, G. (2005) Relationships, Networks and the Learning Regions: Case Evidence from the Peak District National Park, Tourism Management, 26, 2, 277–289.

Scott, N., Baggio, R. e Cooper, C. (2008) “Network Analysis and Tourism from Theory to Practice”. Aspects of Tourism 35. Channel View Publications. Clevedon. Buffalo. Toronto.

Scott, N., Baggio, R. e Cooper, C. (2008) Network Analysis and Tourism – From Theory to Practice, Channel View Publication.

Selin, S. e D. Chavez (1995) Developing an Evolutionary Tourism Partnership Model, Annals of Tourism Research, 22, 4, 844-856.

Silva, F., A. (2013) “Turismo na natureza como base do desenvolvimento turístico responsável nos Açores”. Tese de Doutoramento em Geografia da Universidade de Lisboa – IGOT.

Stake, R. (1995) The art of case study research. Thousand OAKS, CA: Sage, pp.49-68.

Thompson, G.F. (2003) Between hierarchies and markets: the logic and limits of network form of organization. New York: Oxford University Press.

Thorelli, H. (1986) “Networks: Between Markets and Hierarchies”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 7, nº1, pp.37-51.

Thorelli, H. (1986) “Networks: Between Markets and Hierarchies”. Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 7. No. 1. pp. 37-51.

Timur, S. e Getz, D. (2008) “A network perspective on managing stakeholders for sustainable urban tourism”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. Vol. 20. No. 4. pp. 445-461.

Tisdell, C. e Wilson, C. (2012) Nature-based Tourism and Conservation – New Economic Insights and Case Studies. Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton – EUA.

Tourism Victoria. (2008). Victoria's nature-based tourism strategy. Victoria: Tourism Victoria, State Government of Victoria.

Tyler, D. e Dinan, C. (2001) “The Role of Interested Groups in England’s Emerging Tourism Policy Network”. Current Issues in Tourism. Vol. 4. No. 2-4. pp. 210-252.

Valentine, P. (1992). Review: Nature-based tourism. Em M. Hall e B. Weiler (Eds.), Special interst tourism (pp. 105-127). London: Belhaven Press.

Varda, D. Shoup, JA, & Miller, S. (2012) A collaborative systematic review and network research in the literature of public relations: implications for public health practice and research. American Journal of Public Health, 102 (3), 564,571.

Vernon, J., ESSEX, S., PINDER, D. e CURRY, K. (2005) “Collaborative Policymaking Local Sustainable Projects”. Annals of Tourism Research. Vol. 32. No. 2. pp. 325-345.

Wasserman, S. e Faust, K. (2009) “Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications”. 19ª Edição. Cambridge University Press. New York.

Wood, D. e B. Gray (1991) Toward a Comprehensive Theory of Collaboration, Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 27, 139-162.

Yin, R. K. (2010) Estudo de caso: planeamento e métodos. Tradução Ana Thorell; revisão Técnica Cláudio Damacena. – 4. ed.- Porto Alegre: Bookman.

Yin, R. K. (2011) Applications of Case Study Research. SAGE Publications, Inc; Third Edition.

Yuksel, A. e F. Yuksel (2005) Managing Relations in a Learning Model for Bringing Destinations in Need of Assistance into Contact with good Practice, Tourism Management, 26, 5, 667-679.

Zaheer, A. Gozubuyuk, R., & Milanov, H. (2010) is the connections: A network perspective on interorganizational research. Perspectives Academy of Management, 24 (1), 6277.


Full Text: PDF



Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.