Whale watching Tourism in Sri Lanka: Visitor Satisfaction and Behavioural Characteristics

Jeremy Buultjens, Iraj Ratnayake, Athula Gnanapala, Alexandru Mircea Nedelea

Abstract


The commercial whale watching industry in Sri Lanka, like the tourism industry generally, is experiencing rapid growth in visitor numbers. The challenge for the government is to ensure the sector is managed sustainably which, in-part, requires an understanding of tour participants, their needs and experiences. In order to address this need, a study using the perceived-performance model was undertaken in Mirissa and Galle to examine the profile of whale watching tourists, their tour experiences and spending patterns. In late-2012 and early-2013 a questionnaire constructed in English and Sinhala and containing 28 questions was administered to participants after their tour in both Mirissa and Galle. Study participants indicated that they were overwhelmingly satisfied with all aspects of their tour. Additional the findings indicated that undertaking a whale watching tour was an important influence on their decision to visit Mirissa/Galle and contributed significantly to their enjoyment of their visit to the towns. The results also indicated the economic importance of whale watching to Mirissa and Galle.


Keywords


Whale watching tourism; Visitor experience; Sri Lankan tourism; Economic impacts

References


Akama, J.S. & Kieti, D.M. (2003) Measuring tourist satisfaction with Kenya’s wildlife safari: A case study of Tsavo West National Park. Tourism Management, 24(1), 73–81.

Andereck, K., Gard-McGehee, N., Seungwoo Lee, S. & Clemmons, D. (2011) Experience Expectations of Prospective Volunteer Tourists, Journal of Travel Research, DOI: 10.1177/0047287511400610

Birtles, A., Valentine, P., Curnock, M., Arnold, P. & Dunstan, A. (2002) Incorporating visitor experiences into ecologically sustainable dwarf minke whale tourism in the northern Great Barrier Reef. CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Report No 42. Townsville: CRC Reef Research Centre Ltd.

Burgess, S., Sellitto, C., Cox, C. & Buultjens, J. (2011) Trust perceptions of online travel information by different content creators: Some social and legal implications. Information Systems Frontier, 13(2), 221-235.

Buultjens, J., Neale, K. & Lamont, M. (2013) Hosts, guests and a drug culture in a destination: A case study of Nimbin, Australia. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 1(3), 185-195.

Buultjens, J., Ratnayake, I. & Gnanapala, A. (2015a) From Tsunami to Recovery: The Resilience of Sri Lankan Tourism Industry. In B. Ritchie, B. & K. Campiranon (Eds.). Tourism Crisis and Disaster Management in the Asia-Pacific (pp. 132-148). London: CABI.

Buultjens, J., Ratnayake, I. & Gnanapala, A. (2015b) Sri Lanka and the Green Economy. In V. Reddy, & K. Wilkes (Eds.) Tourism in the Green Economy (pp. 128-145). London: Earthscan with Routledge.

Buultjens, J., Ratnayake, I. & Gnanapala, A. (2016) Whale watching in Sri Lanka: Perceptions of sustainability. Tourism Management Perspectives. 18, 125-133.

Chen, C. (2011). From catching to watching: Moving towards quality assurance of whale/dolphin watching tourism in Taiwan. Marine Policy, 35, 10–17.

Chen, C. & Chen, F. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioural intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31(1), 29–35.

Cisneros-Montemayor, A., Sumaila, U., Kaschner, K. & Pauly, D. (2010) The global potential for whale watching. Marine Policy, DOI: 10.1016/ j.marpol.2010.05.005

Cole, S. (2007). Implementing and evaluating a code of conduct for visitors. Tourism Management, 28, 443–451.

Curtin, S. (2006) Swimming with dolphins: A phenomenological exploration of tourist recollections. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 301–315.

EML Consultants (2012) Sri Lanka’s Middle Path to Sustainable Development Through ‘Mahinda Chintana – Vision for the Future’, Country Report of Sri Lanka, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development / (Rio +20). Battaramulla:Sri Lanka Ministry of Environment.

Fodness, D. & Murray, B. (1997) Tourist information search. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 5035-23.

Fredline, L. & Faulkner, B. (2001) International Market Analysis of Wildlife Tourism, Gold Coast: Sustainable Tourism CRC.

Freeman, B. (2007) The Experience Must Meet the Promise, Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 7(4), 85 – 89.

Furqan, A., Mat Som, A.P. & Hussin, R. (2010) Promoting green tourism for future sustainability. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 8(17), 64-74.

Garrod, B. & Fennell, D. (2004) An analysis of whale watching codes of conduct. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 334–52.

Government of Sri Lanka (2012) The Sea Mammals (Observation, Regulation and Control) Regulations. Colombo: Sri Lanka Government.

Ilangakoon, A. (2009) What are we doing to these gentle mammals of the sea? Sunday Times Website: Retrieved from http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090222/Plus/sundaytimesplus_03.html (accessed September 8, 2012)

Kitchenham, B. & Pfleeger, S. (2002) Principles of Survey Research Part 5: Populations and Samples, Software Engineering Notes, 27(5), 17-20.

Luck, M. (2013) Education on marine mammal tours as agent for conservation but do tourists want to be educated? Ocean and Coastal Management, 46, 943–956.

Mayes, G. & Richins, H. (2008) Dolphin watch tourism: two differing examples of sustainable practices and pro environmental outcomes. Tourism in Marine Environments, 5(2-3), 201–214.

Moscardo, G., & Saltzer, R. (2005) Understanding tourism wildlife interactions: Visitor market analysis, Sustainable Tourism CRC Technical Report. Gold Coast: Sustainable Tourism CRC.

Musa,G. (2002) Sipadan: ASCUBA-diving paradise: an analysis of tourism impact, diver satisfaction and tourism management. Tourism Geographies, 4(2), 195–209.

Mustika, P., Birtles, A., Everingham, Y. & Marsh, H. (2013). The human dimensions of wildlife tourism in a developing country: watching spinner dolphins at Lovina, Bali, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21:2, 229-251, DOI:10.1080/09669582.2012.692881

Moyle, B., Croy, G. & Weiler, B. (2010) Tourism interaction on islands: the community and visitor social exchange. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(2), 96-107.

O’Connor, S., Campbell, R., Cortez, H. & Knowles, T. (2009) Whale watching worldwide: tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits. Yarmouth MA: International Fund for Animal Welfare.

Oliver, R. L. (1980) A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17, 460e469.

Page, S.J. & Dowling, R.K. (2002) Ecotourism. Harlow: Prentice Hall.

Parsons, E. (2012) The Negative Impacts of Whale-Watching. Journal of Marine Biology, doi:10.1155/2012/807294.

Parsons, E., Warburton, C., Woods-Ballard, A., Hughes, A. & Johnston, P. (2003) The value of conserving whales: the impacts of cetacean-related tourism on the economy of rural West Scotland. Aquatic Conservation, 13(5), 397–415.

Philemon, J (2015) Assessment of Tourists Perception and Satisfaction of Tanzania Destination, European Scientific Journal, 11(13), 107-119.

Sharpley, R. (2000) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Exploring the Theoretical Divide. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(1), 1-19.

Spangenberg, J.H. (2004) Reconciling sustainability and growth: Criteria, indicators, policies. Sustainable Development, 12(2), 74–86.

Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (n.d.) Tourism for All: National Strategy for Sri Lanka Tourism 2009-2012. Sri Lankan Tourism Development Board Website: Retrieved from http://www.sltda.lk/. (Accessed September 10, 2012)

Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (2014) Annual Statistical Report, 2013. Colombo: Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority.

SriLankan Airlines (2012) SriLankan Airlines launch eco-tourism project with Whale and Dolphin Conservation. SriLankan Airlines Website: Retrieved from http://www.srilankan.com/A/coporate/news-details/45 (accessed September 10, 2012)

Tse, D. & Wilton, P. (1988) Models of Consumer Satisfaction: An Extension, Journal of Marketing Research, 25 (May): 204-212.

Tisdell, C. & Wilson, C. (2004) Economics, Wildlife Tourism and Conservation: Three Case Studies. Gold Coast: Sustainable Tourism CRC.

Valentine, P., Birtles, A., Curnock, M., Arnold, P. & Dunstan, A. (2004) Getting closer to whales—passenger expectations and experiences, and the management of swim with dwarf minke whale interactions in the Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management, 25, 647–655

Wang, Y. (2016) More important than ever: Measuring visitor satisfaction, Griffith Institute for Tourism Research Report Series Report No 10 June 2016, Gold Coast: Griffith University

Warburton, C. (1999) Marine Wildlife Tourism and Whale-watching on the Island of

Mull, West Scotland. Mull: The Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust.

Williams-Grey, V. (2013a) Project BLUEprint workshop is a whale of a success in Sri Lanka! Whale and Dolphin Conservation website: Retrieved from http://uk.whales.org/blog/vanessawilliams-grey/2013/10/project-blueprint-workshop-is-whale-of-success-in-sri-lanka (accessed November 20, 2014)

Williams-Grey, V. (2013b) Engaging with the whale watch community at Mirissa, Sri Lanka. Whale and Dolphin Conservation website: Retrieved from http://uk.whales.org/blog/suerocca/2013/03/engaging-with-whale-watch-community-at-mirissa-sri-lanka (accessed November 20, 2014)

Wiley, D., Moller, J., Pace, R. & Carlson, C. (2008) Effectiveness of Voluntary Conservation Agreements: Case Study of Endangered Whales and Commercial Whale Watching. Conservation Biology, 22(2), 450–457.

Zhang, L., Qu, H. & Ma, J. (2010) Examining the Relationship of Exhibition Attendees’

Satisfaction and Expenditure: The Case of Two Major Exhibitions in China, Journal of

Convention and Event Tourism, 11(2), 100–118.


Full Text: PDF



Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.