MARKETING URBAN DESTINATIONS THROUGH FESTIVALS
Abstract
Within the context of enormous competition on the international tourist market, destination branding is getting an increasing importance as a way to attract more tourists and visitors. There is an overall trend away from product features towards lifestyle or value systems which reveals that the consumer of today makes choices based on whether or not a product fits into her or his lifestyle and whether a destination represents a desirable tourist experience. After theoretical literature review on brand identity, the results of a festival visitors’ opinion survey about “Include the city” festival’s contribution to the brand identity of Burgas city are discussed. The survey methodology includes descriptive statistics, Z-score method in order to classify in groups visitor’s opinion as well as content analysis of visitors’ opinion. Three research hypotheses are checked and suggestions about the festival’s marketing contribution in three aspects to the brand identity extension of urban destination Burgas are presented.
Keywords
References
Aaker, D. (1991) Managing brand equity: capitalizing on the value of a brand name. The Free Press, New York, N.Y.
Ali, F., K. Hussain & R. Omar (2016) Diagnosing custode experience, emotions and satisfaction in Malaysian resort hotels, European Journal of Tourism Research, 12, pp. 25-40
Anastassova, L. (2011) Tourist loyalty and destination brand image perception: the case of Sunny Beach resort, Bulgaria, European Journal of Tourism Research, 4(2), pp. 191-204
Balmer, J.M.T. (2001) Corporate identity, corporate branding and corporate marketing: seeing thorough the fog, European Journal of Marketing, 35 (3), p. 258-259
Baloglu, S., and K. W. McCleary (1999a). “U.S. International Pleasure Travelers’ Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations: A Comparison of Visitors and Nonvisitors.” Journal of Travel Research, 38 (2), pp. 144–52
Bhat, S., & S. K. Reddy (1998) Symbolic and functional positioning of brands. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 1998, 15 (1), pp. 32-43.
Berthon, P.R., Hulbert, J. and L.F. Pitt (1998) Brand Management Prognostications, Sloan Management Review, 40, 2 (Winter), pp. 56 - 57
Biswas, A. (1992) The Moderating Role of Brand Familiarity in Reference Price Perceptions, Journal of Business Research, 25 (3), 251-262.
Boniface, P. and P. Fowler (1993) Heritage and Tourism in the Global village, London, Routlidge
Cavanagh, S. (1997 ) Content analysis: concepts, methods and applications. Nurse Researcher, 4(3), pp. 5-16
Echtner, C. M., and B. Ritchie (1993). “The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31 (4): 3–13.
Erdem, T.,Swait,J. and Ana Valenzuela (2006) Brands as Signals: A Cross-Country Validation Study, Journal of Marketing, 70 (January), pp. 34–49
Flegal, M. K. and C.L. Ogden, (2011) Childhood Obesity: Are we all speaking the same language? Advances in Nuitrition, 2, 1595-1665
Gallarza, M.G., I. Gil, & H. Calderon, Destination image. Towards a conceptual frame work, Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (1), 56-78
Gartner, W. (1989) Tourism image: attribute measurement of state tourism products using multidimensional techniques. Journal of Travel Research, 28 (2), pp. 16–20.
Gartner, W. (1993) Image formation process. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3), pp. 191–215.
Getz, D. (1997) Event management and Event tourism, Cognizant communications corporation, pp. 209-211
Gilmore, J. (2002) The tourist crop. In: Gilmore, J. (ed.). Faces in the Caribbean. Monthly Review Press, London, Latin America Beaureu.
Ghodeswar, B.M.(2008) Building brand identity in a competitive markets: a conceptual model, Journal of Brand Management,17 (1), pp. 5-7
Hall, J. (1999p) Corporate ethics and the new commercial paradigm”, Journal of Brand Management, 7 (1), pp. 38-47
Hannigan, J. (2003) Symposium on branding, the entertainment economy and urban place building: introduction. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27 (2) pp. 352-60.
Harvey, D. (1989) From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: the Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism, Geografiska Annaler, Series B, Human Geography, 71 (1), pp. 6-8
Heylen, J.P., B. Dawson and P.Simpson (1995) An implicit model of consumer behaviour, Journal of the market research society, Market research society, 1995
Hsie, Hsin-Fang and Shannon,S.E. (2005) Qualitative Health Research, 15 (9), November, pp. 1277-1288
Ivanov, S. H., S. F. Illum, and Y. Liang (2010) Application of destination brand molecule on destination image and brand perception: An exploratory study. Tourism, 58(4), pp. 339-360.
Kapferer, Jean-Noel (1992) Strategic Brand Management, London, Kogan Page
Kapferer, J.(1997) Strategic brand management, 2nd ed., Kogan Page, NY and London
Keeley, L. (1992) Gaining your unfair share of attention: Decentralizing the concept of a brand. Design Management Journal, 3(2), pp. 34–71.
Kolb, Bonita, M. (2006) Tourism marketing for cities and towns, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, p.13
Kotler et al (1999) Marketing: an introduction, Prentice Hall
Kotler P and Gertner D. (2002) Country as Brand, Product and Beyond: A Place Marketing and Brand Management Perspective”, Journal of Brand Management,9 (4-5), 249-261
Lanfant, M.F. (1995) International Tourism Internationalization and the challenge to identity, in M..F. Lanfant, J.B. Allcock and E.M. Brunner (eds.) International Tourism Identity and change, London, Sage publications, pp. 4-27
Laws, E. (1995). Tourist Destination Management: Issues, Analysis and Policies. London: Routledge
Levitt, T. (1981) Marketing intangible product and product intangibles, Harvard Business Review, 59 (3), 94-97
Lim K. and O’Cass, (2001) A. Consumer Brand Classification: An assessment of culture-of-origin versus country-of-origin, Journal Product Brand Management, 10 (2), pp. 120-36
Mayo, E. J., and L. P. Jarvis (1981). The Psychology of Leisure Travel. Boston: CBI.
Morgan, N. and Pritchard, A. (1999) Building destination brands. The case of Wales and Australia. Journal of Brand Management 7, pp. 102-119.
Nadeau,J. O’Reilly, N., Heslop, L. and Luk (2008) Destination Image in a Country Context, Annals of Tourism Research, 35 (1), pp. 84-106.
Nurse, K. (2001) Festival Tourism in the Carribea: An Economic Impact Assessment, Inter-american Development Bank, Washington DC
Oakes, P.J. S.A. Haslam and J.C. Turner (1994) Stereotyping and Social Reality, Oxford: Blackwell
Pride, R. (2004) A challenger brand: Wales, golf as it should be. In Morgan, N., A. Pritchard & R. Pride (eds.). Destination branding: creating the unique destination proposition. Oxford: Butterworth & Heinemann, pp. 159-168.
Quinn,B. Arts Festivals and the City (2005) Urban Studies, 42 (5-6), 927-943
Richards, Gr. (1996) Cultural Tourism in Europe, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Ritchie, J. R. and J. R. B. Ritchie (1998) The branding of tourism destinations: past achievements and future challenges. Paper presented in the Annual Congress of the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism (AIEST), September, Marrakech, Morocco, 22-23.
Rosengren Ed. (1981) Advances in content analysis, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1981, 9-19.
Schmitt, B. and A. Marketing Aesthetics: The strategic management of brands, identity and image, New York,London, The Free Press Tomljenovic, pp. 8, 84
White, C.J. Destination image (2004) to see or not to see?, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16 (5) pp. 309 - 314
Yüksel, A. and Akgül,O. (2007) Postcards as affective image makers: An idle agent in destination marketing. Tourism Management, 28 (3), pp. 714-725.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.